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The cardiovascular system is so vital that its activity defines the presence of life. The cardiovascular system begins its activity when the fetus is barely a month old and is the last body system to cease activity at the end of life.
More than 80 million Americans have one or more types of cardiovascular disease which include hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and other congenital cardiovascular defects. Because of the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, nurses practicing in any setting should have a clear understanding of various conditions affecting the cardiovascular care.
To help you grasp the core concepts of Cardiovascular Care Nursing (or Cardiac Care Nursing), here are our visual nursing mnemonics and tips!
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Heart blocks are abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly. In this condition, the electrical signals that tell that heart to contract are partially or totally blocked between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles).
When the right ventricle fails in right-sided heart failure, congestion in the peripheral tissues and the viscera predominates. This occurs because the right side of the heart cannot eject blood and cannot accommodate all the blood that normally returns to it from the venous circulation. Right-sided heart failure primarily produces systemic signs and symptoms.
Pulmonary congestion usually occurs in left-sided heart failure; when the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood out of the ventricle into the aorta and to the systemic circulation. Blood volume and pressure in the left atrium increases which decreases blood flow from the pulmonary vessels. Pulmonary venous blood volume and pressure increase, forcing fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary tissues and alveoli, causing pulmonary interstitial edema and impaired gas exchange.
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Management of HF are to relieve patient symptoms, to improve functional status and quality of life, and to extend survival. Medical management depends on the type, severity, and cause of HF — it can include reducing the workload of the heart by reducing preload and afterload; elimination of contributing factors such as hypertension. Remember the mnemonic “DAD BOND CLASH” for the medical management of heart failure.
The excessive pressure on the artery walls caused by hypertension or high blood pressure can damage the blood vessels, as well as organs in the body. The higher the blood pressure and the longer it goes uncontrolled, the greater the damage. With time, hypertension increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke.
MONA is a mnemonic that stands for: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, and Aspirin. These are the four primary interventions that are performed when treating a patient with Heart Attack/Myocardial Infarction (MI). However, MONA does not represent the order in which you should administer these treatments as a nurse. It is a mnemonic intended to help you remember the components of MI treatment, not the prioritization of them.
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Goals of treatment during MI are to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications. These goals can be achieved by reperfusing the area with the emergency use of thrombolytic medications or by PCI. Reducing myocardial oxygen demand, and increasing oxygen supply with medications, oxygen administration and bed rest can minimize myocardial damage.
Nursing care for patients who suffered MI is directed towards detecting complications, preventing further myocardial damage, and promoting comfort, rest, and emotional well-being.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood for the body while bypassing the heart and lungs. CPB maintains perfusion to body organs and tissues and allows the surgeon to complete the anastomosis in a motionless, bloodless, surgical field. CPB is not benign and there are a number of associated problems; use is limited to several hours.
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In cardiac tamponade, blood or fluid collects in the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. Pericardial fluid may accumulate slowly without causing any noticeable symptoms until a large amount accumulates. However, a rapidly developing effusion can stretch the pericardium to its maximum size and, because of increased pericardial pressure, reduce venous return to the heart and decrease CO. It often has three characteristic signs that the physician will recognize during a physical exam. These signs are commonly referred to as “Beck’s Triad” or The 3 D’s.
Know a few witty nursing mnemonics? If you some mnemonics about this topic, please do share them at our comments section below! Also, there are more nursing mnemonics here, be sure to check them out.
Matt Vera, a registered nurse since 2009, leverages his experiences as a former student struggling with complex nursing topics to help aspiring nurses as a full-time writer and editor for , simplifying the learning process, breaking down complicated subjects, and finding innovative ways to assist students in reaching their full potential as future healthcare providers.
Lymphatic System Anatomy And Physiology
Buffer Copy Email Facebook Flipboard Hacker News Line LinkedIn Messenger Mix Pinterest Pocket Print Reddit SMS Telegram Tumblr Twitter VK WhatsApp Xing YummlyThe almost continuous traffic into and out of a busy factory at rush hour occurs at a snails’ pace compared to the endless activity going on within our bodies. Like the bustling factory, the body must have a transportation system to carry its various cargos back and forth, and this is where the cardiovascular system steps in.
The cardiovascular system can be compared to a muscular pump equipped with one-way valves and a system of large and small plumbing tubes within which the blood travels.
Veins draining into the superior vena cava are named in a distal-to-proximal direction; that is, in the same direction the blood flows into the superior vena cava.
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The inferior vena cava, which is much longer than the superior vena cava, returns blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm.
As the heart beats or contracts, the blood makes continuous round trips- into and out of the heart, through the rest of the body, and then back to the heart- only to be sent out again.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in one minute. It is the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume.
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A fairly good indication of the efficiency of a person’s circulatory system can be obtained by taking arterial blood and blood pressure measurements.
Arterial pulse pressure and blood pressure measurements, along with those of respiratory rate and body temperature, are referred to collectively as vital signs in clinical settings.
1. Specialized cell membrane structures that decrease electrical resistance between the cells allowing action potentials to pass efficiently from one cell to adjacent cells are the:
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Are a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.
Support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue. They occur at the Z-line of the sarcomere and can be visualized easily when observing a longitudinal section of the tissue.
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the right atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins empty oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and to the body.
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B: The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (the right upper chamber of the heart).
B: The QRS complex consists of three individual waves: the Q, R, and S waves. The QRS complex results from depolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the QRS complex precedes ventricular contraction.
A: The P wave results from depolarization of the atrial myocardium, and the beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction.
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During ventricular systole, contraction of the ventricles causes pressure in the ventricle to increase. Almost immediately the AV valves close (the first heart sound). The pressure in the ventricle continues to increase. Continued ventricular contraction causes the pressure in the ventricle to exceed in the pulmonary trunk and aorta. As a result, the semilunar are forced open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
A: The P wave results from depolarization of the atrial myocardium, and the beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of atrial contraction.
B: The time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex is the PQ interval, commonly called the PR interval because the Q wave is very small. During the PR interval, the atria contract and begin to relax.
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